![]() Despite their presence in all phyla of living organisms, some parasites are long thought to lose both CYPs and their ability to oxidize xenobiotics. While the human genome encodes 57 CYPs, one enzyme, CYP3A4, catalyzes more than 50% of these reactions. Thus, elevated CYP activity accelerates drug metabolism and is often a reason for drug resistance. CYPs mainly catalyze monooxygenase reactions, metabolizing a wide variety of endogenous substances, such as steroids and fatty acids and detoxifying exogenous substrates. Their ubiquity may reflect their ancient origin and physiological importance. Heme-containing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs, also known as CYP450s) are widely distributed in living organisms, ranging from microorganisms to mammals. gondii that are associated with this phenomenon. ![]() We hypothesize that some drug resistance genes exist in T. gondii can resist the killing effects of many drugs that have previously proven to be effective against Plasmodium falciparum, also an apicomplexan. gondii infection and its growing drug resistance makes it more important to understand the physiology of T. The absence of an effective vaccine against T. As a major opportunistic infection protozoan parasite, toxoplasmosis is usually reported in low-immunity populations, such as developing countries wherein HIV/AIDS is rampant, and it commonly causes focal brain lesions, coma and death. This obligate intracellular parasite is found in virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates, with feline species serving as the definitive host. gondii is a globally ubiquitous pathogen that infects approximately 30% of the world population. gondii metabolism and detoxification is involved in vitally important processes in parasitic organisms, making this enzyme a potential drug target. These results suggest that P450 functions in T. gondii lacking the P450 gene exhibited reduced resistance to quinine, mefloquine and clarithromycin compared with parasites overexpressing Tg-P450. Enzyme activity analyses demonstrated that this protein has mammalian CYP2B and CYP3A enzymatic activity. gondii survival, but mice infected with parasites overexpressing Tg-P450 exhibited significantly enhanced pathogenicity. Knocking out Tg-P450 had no significant effect on T. Because it is a potential resistance gene, identifying the functionality of P450 in T. By contrast, the Toxoplasma gondii genome contains only one CYP gene, and the role of this enzyme in the physiology and biochemistry of apicomplexan parasites is unknown. The basic metabolic cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins are essential for the biotransformation of sterols and xenobiotics. Received: OctoAccepted: NovemPublished: December 06, 2017 gondii P450 biotransformation enzymes drug resistance Xiao Zhang 1, 2, Taotao Zhang 1, 2, Jing Liu 1, 2, Muzi Li 1, 2, Yong Fu 1, 2, Jianhai Xu 1, 2 and Qun Liu 1, 2ġKey Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, ChinaĢNational Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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